金刚烷胺制药胺化废水与溴化废水的中和-络合萃取处理

考察了两种废水中和反应过程对污染物的去除效果,然后采用P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对废水进行络合萃取处理.结果表明,采用溴化废水中和滴定胺化废水可以大幅消减废水中污染物,避免后续萃取过程中的乳化现象;在pH值为8.0,油/水相比为1:1的条件下,P204:正辛醇=3:2的复配萃取剂对废水中TOC和金刚烷胺的单级萃取效率分别为49.6%和99.5%;多级萃取对TOC去除率没有明显提高;以2.0mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,在水/油相比为1:1条件下,可以将47.5%的金刚烷胺从负载有机相中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸溶液可以回用,再生后的萃取剂可以多次重复使用.     

羊角月牙藻在制药废水毒性评价中的应用

以羊角月牙藻(FACHB-271 Selenastrum capricornutum)作为测试生物,分别采用EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)、TU_a(急性毒性单位)和LID(最低无效应稀释度)指标对某制药厂污水处理站4个工艺节点和总出水排放口的水样进行急性毒性效应评价. 结果表明:地下调节池(工艺节点①)水样EC₅₀为15.12%±3.82%,TU_a为6.6,LID为16,为极毒/中毒废水;地上调节池(工艺节点②)水样EC₅₀为15.81%±1.04%,TU_a为6.3,LID为16,为极毒/中毒废水;中间沉淀池(工艺节点③)水样EC₅₀为62.12%±3.83%,TU_a为1.6,LID为8,为中毒/低毒废水;二级沉淀池(工艺节点④)水样EC₅₀为89.10%±1.43%,TU_a为1.1,LID为4,为低毒废水;总出水排放口水样EC₅₀＞100%,TU_a＜1,LID为1,为无毒或微毒废水. 经过各污水处理工艺节点后,制药废水对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性逐级减弱,并且毒性指标与ρ(COD_Cr)具有较好的线性关系. 研究还发现,采用毒性指标LID表征该制药废水的生物毒性,对废水样品的毒性分辨能力更强.      

络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水

采用络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水,考察了初始pH、络合剂种类、稀释剂配比、油/水相比和反应温度等对废水中金刚烷胺萃取效率的影响,并对萃取剂中金刚烷胺进行了反萃取分离回收. 结果表明:采用V(P₂₀₄)〔P₂₀₄为二(2-乙基己基磷酸)〕∶V(正辛醇)为3∶2的复配萃取剂处理金刚烷胺制药废水,在初始pH为8.0、油/水相比为1∶1和温度为25 ℃的条件下,能够去除废水中99.7%以上的金刚烷胺;在反萃取过程中,V(P₂₀₄)∶V(正辛醇)为1∶4的复配萃取剂可以获得更高的反萃取效率,以1.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,当油/水相比为1∶1时,可将51.7%的金刚烷胺从萃取剂中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸盐溶液可以回用到生产工艺中,P₂₀₄-正辛醇复配萃取剂可在萃取和反萃取过程中多次重复使用.      

Influence of manufacturing process on the residues of certain fungicides used on tea

Green tea shoots which were sprayed with fungicides such as hexaconazole, propiconazole, carbendazim, and tridemorph were collected from tea bushes after 24 h of fungicide application to study the effect of manufacturing process on the residues. Significant loss of residues was noted at each stage of the manufacturing process. The total loss in residues upon manufacturing of these fungicides ranged from 12.20% to 57.14%. Among the various influential factors that determine the loss of residues, vapor pressure of the fungicides was most prominent in the contribution to residue loss. A high vapor pressure of the fungicide tridemorph amounted to a residue loss of 57.14%, while the low vapor pressure of the other three fungicides caused a loss of less than 22.22%.     

Determination of cobalt by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

Abstract

A rapid and selective technique for extraction, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cobalt in water and pharmaceutical samples by air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry is proposed. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol is used as a complexing agent and 1-octanol as an extraction solvent. Parameters relevant for analytical effectivity, i.e. pH of sample solution, concentration of complexing agent, volume of extraction solvent, and number of extraction cycles are optimized using a Box–Behnken design. At optimum conditions, a dynamic linear range of 5–600?µg L^?1 is obtained, with a limit of detection of 1.2?µg L^?1. The method is used for determination of Co(II) in environmental water and pharmaceutical samples.     

Rapid liquid chromatographic analysis of Metoclopramide in pharmaceutical preparations

A sensitive, accurate and reproducible method for the analysis of metoclopramide, a gastrointestinal drug, has been described. An isocratic HPLC elution method was employed which requires about 10 minutes to be performed. The concentration of metoclopramide hydrochloride preparations was found to be 95.1 ±0.3% and 94.21 ±0.25% in tablet and injection formulations, respectively.     

Occupational exposure to airborne aromatic amines in rubber manufacturing: Determination by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Aromatic amines (AAs) are used in a variety of chemical industries and consequently they are the object of great attention in occupational hygiene owing to the carcinogenic effects that many of them have shown. This work outlines a procedure for the determination of occupational exposure to airborne AAs in the rubber industry and the application of this method in a tyre manufacturing plant using p‐phenylenediamines as antiozonants. Samples were collected on a glass fibre filter followed by a silica gel tube and analyzed by GC‐MS/SIM using a capillary column coated with methyl silicone. p‐Phenylendiamines and other AAs probably formed as thermodegradation products were found in concentrations of up to 10 μg/m³ during rubber vulcanization.     

Sustainability in manufacturing processes: practices performed in metal forming,casting, heat treatment,welding and electrostatic painting

ABSTRACT

This article aims to list the main sustainable practices developed in the processes of metal forming, casting, heat treatment, welding and electrostatic painting. When analysed the literature about sustainable manufacturing, a predominance of studies about machining is observed and the processes mentioned are few explored in academic studies. The research strategy used to reach the objective was systematic literature review, conducted for each process cited. Many sustainable practices were identified with prominence of better materials use and energy efficiency. The authors of this article believe that the information presented here can be useful for researches in their future studies and for industry professionals interested in improving manufacturing processes.     

太湖西岸地表水中极性有机污染物非靶向筛查与生态风险评估

环境中新兴污染物层出不穷,已经成为当前环境研究的关键问题.为全面筛查太湖西岸武进和宜兴地区地表水中的潜在极性有机污染物,基于高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用技术进行非靶向筛查,利用精确质量数、同位素分布和二级碎片信息进行质谱库匹配共识别出162个有机物,包括46种农药、34种药物、8种个人护理产品、27种添加剂、17种有机合成中间体和30种动植物代谢物或天然物质,其中45个有机物经过标准品验证.对42种污染物进行定量分析并对3种营养级模式生物物种进行生态风险评估,发现25种污染物具有中等风险以上,12种污染物具有高风险.非靶向筛查能够在无先验信息和标准品的情况下全面识别潜在未知污染物,不仅快速、准确和分析通量高,还能为后续生态风险评估提供重要的依据.     

发酵制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

溶解性有机物（DOM）是发酵制药废水二级生化尾水深度处理工艺的主要去除对象,深入解析废水中DOM的特性是将其有效去除的前提和关键.本研究采集氨基酸类、头孢类、抗生素类、维生素类、阿维菌素类5种发酵制药废水二级出水,通过XAD-8树脂亲疏水性分离、凝胶色谱分子量分级、傅里叶变换红外光谱和三维荧光表征对二级出水中的DOM进行特性分析.结果表明,5种发酵制药废水二级出水的盐度和色度高,废水中有机物浓度高、波动大（48.60~245.40 mg·L^-1）.DOM大多数以疏水性组分为主,分子量分布广泛（210~10000 Da）.二级出水DOM均含有大量的不饱和双键、苯环结构,同时含有—OH、—NH₂和C=O等发色团和助色基团,造成废水色度较高.通过对发酵制药废水二级出水进行EEM-PARAFAC分析确定了4种荧光组分特征峰,包括3种腐殖质类（C1、C3、C4）和1种类蛋白类组分（C2）.发酵制药废水二级出水中DOM主要是以类腐殖质有机物为主（C1、C3）.全方面识别和解析发酵制药废水DOM的组成,可为废水深度处理工艺的优化提供指导.